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}} Alexandra Fyodorovna ((ロシア語:Императрица Александра Фёдоровна, ''Imperatritsa Aleksandra Fyodorovna'')) (6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918), was Empress consort of Russia as the spouse of Nicholas II, the last Emperor of the Russian Empire. Born as Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, she was a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Upon being received into the Russian Orthodox Church, she was given the name Alexandra Fyodorovna and in 2000 she was canonized as Saint Alexandra the Passion Bearer. Alexandra was also a maternal great-aunt of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and first cousin twice-removed to his wife Queen Elizabeth II. Alexandra is best remembered as the last Tsaritsa of Russia, as one of the most famous royal carriers of the haemophilia disease, and for her support of autocratic control over the country. Her friendship with the Russian mystic and holy man, Grigori Rasputin, was also an important factor in her life. ==Early life (1872-1894)== Alexandra was born on 6 June 1872 at the New Palace in Darmstadt as ''Her Grand Ducal Highness'' Princess ''Alix'' Viktoria Helena Luise Beatrice of Hesse and by Rhine,〔Gelardi, Julia, ''Born to Rule'', p.5〕〔Buxhoeveden, Baroness Sophie, ''Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna'', p.1〕 a Grand Duchy that was then part of the German Empire. She was the sixth child and fourth daughter among the seven children of Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse and by Rhine, and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, the second daughter of Queen Victoria and Albert, the Prince Consort. Alix was baptised on 1 July 1872 according to the rites of the Lutheran Church and given the names of her mother and each of her mother's four sisters, some of which were transliterated into German. Her godparents were The Prince and Princess of Wales, the Russian Tsarevich and Tsarevna, The Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, The Duchess of Cambridge, and Princess Anna of Prussia. Her mother gave her the nickname of "Sunny," a practice later picked up by her husband, while her British relatives gave her the nicknames of "Alicky" in order to distinguish her from her aunt-by-marriage, the Princess of Wales (and later Queen of the United Kingdom), who, while having the given name Alexandra, was known within the family as Alix.〔King, Greg ''Twilight of Splendor: The Court of Queen Victoria in Her Diamond Jubilee Year ''(John Wiley & Sons, 2007) pg. 52〕 Alix's hemophiliac older brother Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine died in May 1873 after a fall when Alix was barely a year old. In December 1878, diphtheria swept through the Grand Ducal House of Hesse; Alix, her three sisters, and her brother Ernest fell ill. Elisabeth, Alix's older sister, had been sent to visit her paternal grandmother, and escaped the outbreak. Alix's mother Alice tended to the children herself, rather than abandon them to doctors. Alice herself soon fell ill with diphtheria, and died on the 17th anniversary of her father's death, 14 December 1878, when Alix was only six years old. Alix, Victoria, Irene, and Ernst survived the epidemic, but their youngest sister, Princess Marie, did not. Alix and her surviving siblings grew close to their British cousins, spending holidays with Queen Victoria. With her sister Princess Irene, Alix was a bridesmaid at the 1885 wedding of her godmother and maternal aunt, Princess Beatrice to Prince Henry of Battenberg.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=National Portrait Gallery - Portrait - NPG x33000; Prince and Princess Henry of Battenberg with their bridesmaids and others on their wedding day )〕 She was also present at her grandmother's Golden Jubilee celebrations in 1887. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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